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A role of sensors for industrial applications

Since a significant change involves an exchange of energy, sensors can be classified by type of energy transfer that they detect. The thermal temperature sensors: thermometers, thermocouples, temperature sensitive resistors (thermistors and resistance temperature detectors), bimetallic thermometers and thermometers

sensors Heat: bolometer, calorimeter

electric resistance electromagnetic sensors: ohmmeter, multimeter

Electrical current sensors: galvanometer, ammeter

voltage sensors: leaf electroscope, voltmeter

electric sensors: watt-hour meters

magnetism sensors: magnetic compass, fluxgate compass, magnetometer, Hall effect device,

Metal detectors

Mechanical sensors altimeter, barometer, barograph, pressure gauge, air speed indicator, the rate of indicator of the rise, variometer

gas meter and liquid flow sensors: flow sensor, anemometer, flow meter, gas meter, water sensors, mass flow sensors mechanical sensor position sensor acceleration, selsyn, switch, strain gauge

chemical sensors to detect the presence of chemicals or specific chemical classes. Examples include oxygen sensors, also known as lambda sensors, ion selective electrodes, pH electrodes redox glass electrodes.

Optical and electromagnetic radiation of flight time. Build an electromagnetic pulse has been issued, then measure the time a reflected pulse turn. Commonly known - RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) are now joined by analogue LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging. See the next line) are all electromagnetic waves. acoustic sensors are a special case in which a pressure sensor used to generate a compression wave in a medium fluid (air or water)

light, time of flight. Used in modern surveying equipment, a short pulse of light is emitted and returned by a reflector. The return pulse is proportional to the distance and is related to the density of the atmosphere in a predictable manner.

Ionizing radiation

radiation sensors: Geiger counter, dosimeter, meter scintillation neutron detection

sensors subatomic particles: particle detector, scintillator, son cloud chamber room, bedroom bubble

Non Ionizing

light sensors or photo detectors, including devices semiconductor such as photocells, photodiodes, phototransistors, CCDs and image sensors, devices such as vacuum tube photo-electric tubes, photomultiplier tubes and mechanical devices, such as Nichols radiometer. infrared sensor, especially used as detector for lighting and environmental controls.

A proximity sensor type of distance sensor but less sophisticated. detects only a specific proximity. May be optical - combination of a photocell and LED or laser. Applications in cell phones, Paper detector in photocopiers, auto power idle / stop for laptops and other devices. You can use a magnet and a Hall effect device.

A scanning laser narrow beam of laser light scans the scene by a mirror. A photocell sensor located in the response of displacement when the beam is reflected by an object sensor, the distance is calculated by triangulation.

approach. A large aperture lens may be worn by a servo system. The distance to an element of the scene that the focus can be determined by the shape of the lens.

binocular. Two images collected a baseline been made to coincide with a system of mirrors and prisms. The parameter is used to determine the distance. It is used in some devices (called rooms rangefinder rangefinder) and a warship larger scale beginning

interferometer. interference fringes between waves transmitted and reflected light from a source of coherent a laser are counted and the distance is calculated. Capable of very high precision.

scintillation optical measurement of atmospheric disturbances.

Acoustic sound sensors: microphones, hydrophones, seismometers.

Acoustics: uses time ultrasound ECHO Flight back. Used in mid 20th century polaroid cameras and applied to robotics. Even systems Oldest Fathometers as (fish and researchers) and other "tactical active sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging) systems in naval applications using especially audible sound frequencies.

Other types of sensors: radar gun, speedometer, odometer, occupancy sensor, turn

Orientation sensors: gyroscope, artificial horizon, gyro laser ring

distance sensor (without contact) Several technologies can be applied to detection distance: magnetostriction

 

 

 

Not Started systems

Gray code strip or wheel-a number of photo detectors can detect a pattern, creating a binary number. The Gray code is a mutation model that ensures that only a few changes of information at each stage measured, avoiding ambiguities.

systems initiative

These need from a known distance and accumulate incremental changes in measurements.

A hard mask of square-shaped optical wheel is driven by a gear train. Two photocells detecting light passing through the mask can be determined a partial revolution of the mask and the direction of rotation.

A whisker sensor type touch sensor and a proximity sensor.

Classification of measurement errors

Sensor good obeys the following rules:

the sensor must be sensitive to the property as

The sensor should be insensitive any property

the sensor should not influence the measured property

In an ideal situation, the sensor output signal is exactly proportional to the measured property. The gain is defined as the ratio between the output signal and measured property. For example, if a sensor measures the temperature and has an output voltage, the gain is a constant of the unit [V / K].

If the sensor is not Ideally, several types of variations can be observed:

The gain in practice may differ from the specified value. This is This is called a gain error.

Since the scope of the output signal is always limited, the output signal when the property possibly far beyond the clip boundaries. The full scale defines the outer limits of the property provided that the sensor errors are within specified limits.

If the output is zero when the measured property is zero, the sensor has an offset or bias. Defined as the sensor output at zero input.

If the gain is not constant, this is called non-linearity. Usually this is defined by the amount of output differs from ideal behavior in the range of the sensor, often noted as a percentage of the whole.

If the difference is due to a rapid change of the measured property over time, there is a dynamic error. Often, this behavior is described by a diagram shows gain error and phase shift according to the Bode frequency of a periodic input signal.

If the output signal slowly changes independent of the measured property, this is defined as the drift.

Long term drift usually indicates a slow degradation of sensor properties over a long period of time. Noise is a random deviation of the signal varies over time.

Hysteresis is an error caused by the fact that the sensor not immediately follow the change of ownership is measured, it is the story property measured.

If the sensor has a digital output, the signal is discrete and is essentially an approximation of the measured property. The approximation error is also called digitization error.

If the signal is digitally controlled, limited sampling also causes a dynamic error.

The detector can to some extent be sensitive to property other than property to be measured. For example, most sensors are influenced by the temperature of their environment.

All these differences can be classified as systematic errors or random errors. Systematic errors can sometimes be offset by a sort of calibration strategy. Noise is a random error can be reduced by signal processing such as filtering, usually at the expense of the dynamic behavior of the sensor.

Resolution

The resolution of a sensor is the smallest change that can detect the quantity measured. Often, a digital display The last figure fluctuates, indicating that changes of this magnitude has just met. The resolution is related to the precision with which the measurement is made. For example, a scanning probe (a fine tip near a surface collects an electron tunneling current) can resolve atoms and molecules.

Biological

All living organisms contain biological sensors with functions similar to those of mechanical devices described. Most of them are specialized cells that are sensitive to:

Light, movement, temperature, magnetic fields, gravity, humidity, vibration, pressure, electric fields, sounds, and other physical aspects of the external environment;

The physical aspects of the internal environment, such as stretching, movement body and the position of appendages (proprioception);

an enormous amount of environmental molecules, including toxins, elements nutrients, and pheromones;

Many aspects of the inner half of metabolism such as glucose, oxygen level, or osmolality;

an equally varied range of internal signal molecules like hormones, neurotransmitters and cytokines;

and even differences between proteins of the organism itself and the environment or alien creatures.

Artificial sensors that mimic biological sensors using a biological sensitive component, are called biosensors.

Actuator

Data Acquisition

system DAQ

Datalogger

detection theory

Fully Automatic Time

Hydrogen microsensor

Sideline

Threshold

Sensor List

Machine olfaction

Receiver Features Operating

sensor network

About the Author

Assistant professor in lord venkateswara engineering college.I am doing phd in sathyabama university, Tamil Nadu,India.