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The McDonnell-Douglas MD-11

I

The successor to McDonnell-Douglas MD-11, for the previous DC-10 widebody and third tri-jet According to the same DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011, traces its origins to the General Electric and Pratt & Whitney of the competition provide an engine adapted for transport Lockheed C-5A Galaxy military, which drives the turbine first high-pass ratio, while the DC-10, 1966 following the U.S. requirements for aircraft Airlines 250-pasenger transcontinental passengers, was built in five basic versions, including the DC-10-10, DC-10-15, DC-10-30, DC-10-40 and KC- the 10 Extender achievement of a final production run of 446. cost overruns of the program required by intermittent fusion of McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Company to as a manufacturer of military aircraft, to ensure the survival of the company and its planes.

Design studies for the two successors Douglas narrow body width, driven by high bypass ratio turbofan engines and a capacity of 150 passengers, had already begun in the late 1970. Although there is no final aircraft program, the event began, a detailed analysis of market and Research new technologies, be useful later in the final design. The 60 orders for KC-10 has allowed Douglas to keep the baseline DC-10 production it would be if it were based solely in commercial orders, delaying the need for a replacement. However, because it would rely on its counterpart in previous generations, may proceed with its definition and much faster than the afternoon, the competition Airbus A-340 design phase and Boeing 777 to enter the market sooner than the aircraft and the construction of an existing customer Based on the DC-10 for potential sales.

Unlike aircraft, however - including the five basic versions had shared the same length of the cross section fuselage - the successor planned for 1979 had offered a fuselage 40 feet with a capacity of 340 passengers in mixed class, three turbo General Electric CF6-50J Production 54,000 pounds of thrust each, an enhanced wing, and a gross weight of 630,000 pounds.

The rest of the DC-10-60, parallel to it, tight, long DC-term 8-60, had offered an increase of 75 passengers on the DC-10 Air New Zealand and Swissair, which had been targeted potential launch customers, but use of the existing wing has seriously eroded the performance, and extensions of five feet, with a net new wing flaps to fight against the gale force has considerably improved. In fact, the edge flaps of a revised and final major tail cone had resulted in a reduction of fuel 24 percent from the DC-10 and its seat-mile costs were lower than those of Boeing four 747 engines.

launch the program, intended for 1979, there had been usurped by a more precise definition of its versions Douglas, who, under the name "DC-10-61", "DC-10-62" and "DC-10-63," was more closely reflects the DC-DC 8-61, 8-62, and nomenclatures DC-8-63. The DC-10-61, for example, was designed as a national alternative to stretching the fuselage by 40 feet and a capacity of 390 passengers and was powered by engines of 60,000 pounds thrust. The DC-10-62 with a reduced integration, the fuselage 26.7 meters in height, had been engaged in operations in the long term, increased 14 feet wide, the active components, and a central line of four wheel drive main gear. He had planned to carry 40 passengers less than -61, -63, while the combination had design features of both, resulting in high capacity long-term Variant.

An intermittent series of DC-10 accidents, none of whom had been associated with a design flaw inherent with the economic recession current had prevented other great DC-10 on the development of this time, although one of its characteristics over time has added to its successor, had been tested in a Continental Airlines DC-10-10 in August 1981. Winglets, which extends above and below the wing tip, and vary in size, have led a fuel reduction of three percent on an equivalent reduction in the friction generated.

Thus, driven only by the MD-80 Sales, Douglas Aircraft Company recession mounted., Is expected to replace the DC-10, bearing a designation MD-11X-10 in 1984 which provides much later than the original Super 60 Series had, was more closely based on the DC-10-30 with a maximum of 580,000 pounds to take a wide-6500 nautical miles at full load, and three or General Electric CF6-80C2 or Pratt and Whitney PW4000 engines. A larger capacity version, offered in conjunction with the basic unit, the fuselage has presented a height Long, 22.3 meters, 331 to allow mixed-class passengers to be carried out on 6,000 miles of beaches with a gross weight of 590.000 corresponding books. American, Delta, Lufthansa airlines and inside Toa, taking account of this iteration, suggested improvements that were subsequently incorporated into the final plan.

The following year, the Council authorized the warrant applications, but both versions had, for once, had the same fuselage length, the medium variant reach a gross weight of 500,000 pounds, with a range 4,781 miles, and his counterpart from long range, with a gross weight of £ 590,000, with a great 6.900 miles. For nearly 335 passengers in a typical mixed, which made of composite material, a cabin for two and a Advanced Electronic Flight.

In the time of publication of the official program, which took place December 30, 1986, 92 orders and the choice was left by Alitalia, British Caledonian, Federal Express, Korean Air, SAS, Swissair, Thai Airways International and Varig.

The MD-11, which was first deployed three years later, in September 1989 in Long Beach, California, and was recorded N111MD, had been stripped of its engine, wings, VTP, and system of painting, but it shows the logos of the 29 customers who had ordered or type of option at the moment. Because these areas were added later, however, held a similarity with the DC-10-30 that resulted.

With a length of 18.6 meters above the device, achieved through two fuselage plugs, kept his nose and cabin sections, but introduces a drag reduction of long cone-shaped tail chisel, and offered a total length of 201.4 feet when equipped with General Electric engines, power plant or a total length of 200.11 meters with Pratt & Whitney.

The wing mast in two Douglas built coasts chordwise and spanwise skin reinforcements ago a period of 169.6 meters, a rise of 35 degrees during the quarter agreed and six degrees of dihedral, an aspect ratio of 7.9 and a representation area of 3.648 square feet. low pumping speed was increased by new, full span leading edge slats and redrawn, behind the edge end of the double slit while the roll control were provided inside the hull at any engine speed metal shutters and skin composite bow fin speed with the trailing edge flaps for takeoff and were entirely of a composite material. Each wing also composed of five panels spoiler.

The fuel, made in the structural wing tanks amounted to 40.183 gallons U.S..

Up-and downward fins installed in the ends of the wings had provided the highest honor that the DC-10. The use of drag vortices produce something created by wingtips pressure differential mixture, which was formed by a section of angle of up to two meters in a conventional rib and spar, but covered with an aluminum alloy and complete the skin with a carbon fiber trailing edge, and 2.5 meters above the bottom at the right angle made entirely of carbon fiber, collectively covering an area of 40 square meters.

Far more arms and controlled by computer software to increase longitudinal stability, the MD-11 horizontal tail was 30 percent smaller the DC-10 and get a tank of 2000 gallons a member of broader framework and easily to the center of gravity flight optimization. The aerodynamic surface advanced curved arrow and reduced 33-degrees, with a variable frequency stabilizer equipped with two sections electro-active compound lifts slot Final on each side edge, led to a £ 1,900 reduction in weight and less drag in flight.

Power had been provided £ 62,000 advanced by three General Electric CF6-80C2 or 60,000 lb thrust Pratt & Whitney PW4462 turbofan bypass ratio is high, two of which had was recorded at lower basin of the leading edge of wings and one of them settled in the queue behind tray of fine vertical twist. Tracing its origins to the 41,000 pound thrust TF39 engine originally developed for the Galaxy Lockheed C-5A, the former was became quieter advanced FC-6 for commercial operations of its 40,000 pounds of thrust CF6-6D was fed inside the DC-10-10, while than 48,000 pounds of thrust CF6-50C was 10-30 DC-powered intercontinental, with an Airbus A-300 and some versions of the Boeing 747. The most advanced CF6-80A has also been selected to provide the A-310 767.

The integration of CF-6 is deep, with a larger 93-inch fan, two axes, food CF6-80C2 engine MD-11 had offered 17-percent more thrust and had a bypass ratio of 5.05. Linked to a control system full authority digital engine, which supplied the gas pedal and an electronic interface automatic flight management system, the turbine proposed to reduce fuel consumption.

The alternative Whitney PW4060 Pratt and whose short life has decreased the total length of the aircraft by two inches, was the only option other customer. The Rolls Royce Trent RB.211-524L, summarize as a third alternative, were specified by Their company, Air Europa and 18 controls option, but the financial collapse its parent company had prevented their continued supply.

The hydraulically actuated tricycle landing gear, such as the DC-10-30, have been made by a unit of nose wheel dual front retractable two of the four wheels, side retractable main gear bogies and a double with two wheels, with a vision center fuselage shrink leg, all of which offered air hydraulic dampers.

The MD-11 cockpit, differs substantially DC-10 had been exploited by a crew of two, the third, or the position of flight engineer replaced by digital avionics and flight control computer and management systems, while the aircraft control system, or ASU, was composed of five separate computers, dual-channel automated all its functions above.

The cockpit is designed for flexibility, built the seat, the kitchen sink, dressing cabin and installation on tracks whose length is the management a slice of an inch provided multiple configurations and densities and rapid rearrangements, allowing companies to operate the type expected during the week and weekend high-density/charter services. Compared to the DC-10 cabin, the MD-11 seems lighter side panels and assemblies security, better lighting, more compartments, renovated operating costs tripled storage volume of passengers per three cubic feet, Standard container longitudinal axis of the second door, and the provision for general bed rest crews.

A classical two-class configuration 323-passenger, 34 days had forced six first-class seats in a 41 - to launch 42-inch and 289 seats in nine days of class tourist in a 33 - to launch 34 inches, while three classes included 16 six abreast seats in first class on a field of 60 inches, seven days 56 business class seats in an area of 38 inches, nine seats and 221 coach class to both a 32-inch on the ground. The maximum number of ten per day, three of four to three configuration, was 409.

The MD-11, with a payload of 100 pounds weight limit 114, had a maximum of 602,500 pounds at takeoff. With a capacity of 298 passengers in three classes, which had offered a 6840-nautical mile range, including Reservations required by the FAA.

First, by holding its first flight January 10, 1990 in Long Beach, the MD-11 been tested for stability and control of the Edwards Air Force base, reaching a maximum altitude of 25,000 feet and 300 knots before concluding a successful flight two hours, 56 minutes, first. Three hundred and fifteen and orders were received for the options type yet.

The certification program, which led to four General Electric CF6-80C2, Pratt & Whitney PW4460-body power, there were several notches above the company's records tri-jet, including a 9080 mile flight from Anchorage, Alaska, July 31, 1990 with the fourth prototype, which remained in the air for 16 hours, 35 minutes.

type certification was made Nov. 8 for the electric version CF6-80C2 and December 19 of the aircraft PW4460, when he was allowed for Category IIIB landing following April.

II

Finnair, the type of launch customer, has received its first aircraft, registered OH-LGA, at a ceremony in Long Beach November 29, 1990, and an important representative of this intercontinental aircraft had made two years later, in October 1992.

Founded on November 1, 1923 by Bruno L. Lucander, Private Company, called "Aero Y / Y" service had been inaugurated in March next year in Reval, Estonia with Junkers F.13, then spread with a stopover in Stockholm to Turku, in cooperation with ABA of Sweden. Finnish development of national highways, because of the abundance of lakes country, the team has to be a seaplane, but post-1936 construction of the airport has granted two De Havilland Dragon Rapide biplanes and later two Ju.52/3ms Junkers.

Shortly after the War the suspension of flights worldwide, the mandate was lifted, the fledgling company, the government is now 70 percent ownership and the name "Aero M / Y End Air Lines, had made its sector Helsinki-Stockholm and has acquired new DC-3.

The 1950s marked the expansion of continental road network and modern, the acquisition of Convair 340 aircraft, led to Dusseldorf, Hamburg, London and Moscow Helsinki Flight Center in constant expansion, and the guy had been replaced by the slightly higher capacity Convair 440.

The Sud Aviation Caravelle SE.210-1A first team of pure reaction, had pistonliners replaced and had reduced the time of flight to Stockholm and Frankfurt routes, and more, SE.210-10B, first issued in 1964, became the standard, four-year had earlier been officially new 'Finnair.

The Douglas DC-8-62CF, throwing his first feature four engines, was published on January 27 1969 and was able to launch intercontinental services from Helsinki to New York via Copenhagen and Amsterdam on March 15 for the first time. The first of five DC-10-30, its wide-body aircraft, was first accepted in 1975, and two Airbus A-300B4s was acquired 11 years later, in 1986 for charter service.

The MD-11, powered by General Electric CF6-80C2D1F and configured for 58 business class and 278 economy class passengers have been ordered to replace its DC-10-30, and has first been made on the Helsinki-Tenerife on December 29, 1990, to gain a first experience operational before being transferred to areas of North America and the Far East for what was expected.

Strong a fleet of Airbus and McDonnell Douglas-made up of two MD-11, five DC-10-30, two A-300B4s, 14 MD-82s and-83, three MD-87s and 17 DC-50 9-40 years by the decline in 1992, Finnair carried 5.236 million passengers in a national and international charter and intercontinental routes, covering 25 destinations in Finland, 31 in Europe, two in America North and four in Asia. The first was primarily operated on its behalf by Karair, which had a fleet of five ATR 72 and Finnaviation, who had stolen six SF 340. Its two MD-11 were operated Helsinki Helsinki-Tokyo-Bangkok-Singapore route, while its DC-10-30 continued to serve parts of New York and Beijing.

First, Japan has been distributed to 4,862 miles and forced a lock time of nine hours 35 minutes and was operated by the first MD-11 joining passengers, OH-LGA.

Large trees and dense around the Helsinki Vantaa International Airport, always fall coats and yellow Now, as the bite seemed diffused, the wind was 30 degrees snowflakes to the geometric design of ramps taxiway and runways. Goliath, blue lined MD-11 Finnair tri-jet, currently only in the widebody white sprinkled with asphalt with a multitude of narrow body DC-9, MD-80 jets and 737-300, was towed to the gate A-4 30 minutes before the scheduled time, from 1620 through the afternoon, Northern Light has declined.

An MD-11 cabin for two people, a radical break with the DC-10 years, had six eight inch square tube (CRT) glass display units, consisting of primary flight display in two (PFD), Navigation Display (ND), the engine and display warning (EAD) and Display Systems (EA) plans, while the automatic system controllers, located in the upper panel is divided into sections for hydraulic, pneumatic and electric fuel, each controlled by two independent teams. The Flight Control Panel (FCP) itself, located in the canopy of the Control Panel (GCP), presented the autopilot controls and mode of selection of the flight director and flight management system rates of exchange controls and included (SPD), navigation (NAV), and profile (PROF).

The waiting, the start of Siberia and the points destination, weight, time of flight plan, the backcountry (04) and make the most of the calculations obtained from the load sheet prepared the station had been entered on the keyboard, like Multifunction Control Display Unit (MCDU) located on the pedestal between the two pilots. The departure flight standard Instrument (SID) has subsequently been loaded into the flight management system during the initialization of inertial reference system.

The number three engine, the first to operate and further from the source of bleed air, had been engaged by pulling the button to start the engine, the valve starts to move in the open position, which have audited by a yellow light for confirmation. When the compressor speed N2 equaled 15 percent, the choke has been moved to the "on" position and change the starter motor, a gas temperature (EGT) between 45 - and 52 percent, had appeared in the valve closed and the start disilluminating amber. N1 tachometer has been established in 23 percent and its temperature Gas had hovered in the mark 700 degrees Fahrenheit. The sequence was repeated for the other two turbochargers, followed by the success of the host list "After.

Tira and maneuvered his nose in parking position, the MD-11, making the flight AY 914, began his independent movement with almost imperceptible progress of the accelerator, testing on their surfaces after the theft of Vantaa and ground control for taxi instructions.

Surfing in the streets of snow patched, blue lined shot into the virtual black, heavy three-engine was 180 degrees to the runway 04 with the help of his wheel front of the rudder, the front wheel was positioned behind the cockpit, the aircraft had been moved beyond the midline band until we actually started turning towards her, his long body, wide track following mode. full rudder deflection always ten degrees Executive on the ground while the front wheel to reach 70 percent of the left and right laterability.

Receipt of cleaning out the MD-11 sports 25 degrees of final cover, was a thunderclap initial acceleration as accelerators, advanced manually to the position for 70- percent, fueled its enormous diameter turbofan engines General Electric with a constant flow of fuel as they consume large quantities of air cold with the other, the faster rotation of the fan. AutoPilot button, located on the Flight Control panel and autothrottle own participation, the planes ordered by computer in your setting takeoff thrust own, with automatic synchronization engine.

Elevator leveraged in a rotation of the wheel before, this news release, the three-engine returned at dusk purple, snowflake-blur, its load of fuel, putting a load of wingtip Flex-wing light curves and peak beam cuts through the darkness, as he went on runway 15 and the low spots of light representing Helsinki. Its retractable tricycle landing gear, the plane, whose field has indicated his attitude right bar is automatically attached to his normal production of the instrument.

The electric arc in a shallow right bank of the coast, flying 914 of its back fins aboard escape, despite his leading-edge slats has been postponed to the extra speed accumulated. Fashion involvement of Air Navigation steal their profile, while activation the autopilot system, with net assets "and" teacher "buttons," he was following your route, climbing out radial and air traffic control assigned or if the compensation level of altitude. Speed was maintained at 250 knots below 10,000 feet, in which time has accelerated to 355 or more, and its lights were advanced discarded.

Overcoming one of the many strata of clouds, aircraft crossed the Bay of Finland, whose dark purple area of the horizon have been separated by a diffuse band of light green pale. Increasingly confined howling in the wake, he passed on the coast of the old Soviet Union at a speed of 472-node floor, beating south-west of St. Petersburg in the dark sky that had been prepared by a thin line of bright orange on the western horizon, is now behind your moving to left wing in its initial plateau, 33,000 feet in an area of 509 knots of speed, the Urals and Siberia.

Sports car diagonally patterned, light and dark blue upholstery, had offered six rows of seven per day, two, three, two, all class seats on the forehead, followed by another at the rear of the cruise three seconds. economy class seats, all in one of ten depth, three, four and three-year, arrangement, has scored nine rows behind the business class and 21 in the aft cabin, which takes place between third and fourth fairways cross.

Dinner in the second, according to its menu bilingual English and Japanese (who, in October 1992, was ironically offered a profile on a Finnair flight DC-10-30), included a selection of snacks, beer, wine and soft drinks served with peanuts and almonds lightly smoked salt, crab meat and a salad of seafood mushrooms on a bed of lettuce with shrimps, cucumber slices and cherry tomatoes, a basket of white bread Hot Finnish butter and wheat, beef or chicken curry mango sauce and coconut cream, French Camembert cheese with crackers, rye cake Raspberry mousse, coffee tea or a selection of Japanese drinks, mints after dinner, and hot towels.

In-Flight Entertainment was covered, trilingual high quality Finnair Blue Wings magazine, which devoted nearly 40 pages to specific carriers, 14 channels audio programming available through the earpads, stereo, and two feature films.

Maintaining a low rate 567 knots, the MD-11, penetrated the tropopause least 62-Egres an attitude of three degrees nose high, passing south-east of Arkhangelsk on the frozen tundra Siberia, with seven hours, 30 minutes left of your flight plan. Thinning layer of clouds that appear like veils covering the newspapers revealed orange and white, the bead population systematically represented in the central part of Excel, the diameter of mass turbochargers, which has propelled Adak, then south to Naryan-Mar

Alien passengers or upper and lower fins delayed pressure differential vortex created otherwise wingtips mixing, reducing friction, while the adjustment of the horizontal stabilizer tank located had allowed the aircraft to move its center of gravity back toward its limit of 34 per cent of design at the rear, reducing friction and fuel corresponding record 2.7 percent. The guy was standard operating mode within a 29 - to 32-percent range.

Ignoring the passengers, the upper and lower fins delayed if the pressure differential created wingtip vortex mixing, reducing friction, while the adjustment of the tank stabilizer, cleared the aircraft was spotted moving his center of gravity back toward its limit of 34 per cent of design at the back, cutting friction and fuel for a matching record 2.7 percent. The person who had worked as a standard 29 - to 32-percent range.

Flight 914 the progress of the flight plan, indicated by a series of position and ground speed readings, was the result of the position of the IRU and coordination of the speed with VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) and Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) stations between Finland and Japan. Plan flight (F-PLN) from selected MCDU screen given the aircraft position and points aligned vertically on the screen, with the estimated time beside them, with the speed and altitude, shown as "Position", "Estimated time above" (ETO), " Speed (SPD), and "flight level" (ALT).

Irkutsk passing over the Cordillera and Yabblonovyy Tsitisihar, the aircraft is never moved to the east of Vladivostok.

Cutting through the darkness and the day of the opening to the east, the razor blade crossed the eastern horizon with a thin blade through which an orange glow was discovered outside the left wing, in a sense, emphasizing the planet on which the cylindrical tri-jet arc current. "Tomorrow", apparently eager to give free rein to its strength, flow through the slot little by little, the expansion marks the boundary between the two modes of cycle of 24 hours of light to improve and transform the destination black, a cold Siberian night, dark blue and purple partially habitable last before dawn. The amount of humanity and the awakening light later in the vast territory was probably infinitesimal. The sun, the mercury in red, liquid submerged in a sea of gray-black, gradually succeeded during the night, his superior, the head board as timidly as indistinguishable revealed the rest of his body, illuminating coverage ice crust corrugated roller coaster that covers the area immediately under the fuselage. At first he seemed to float in a sea of dark brown, which became independent identifiable as the sun spread its rays of light as members pointing to them.

Overlooking the winding Copper, which reflects the rivers, the flight 914 consumed two hours, 11 minutes flight plan.

Aromas of coffee led the stunned, especially sleep the sleep of the passengers on the night in the cabin, plus a single process by the previous breakfast hot towels scented. The food was included orange juice, an omelet of three eggs filled with creamed spinach, thick slices ham Danish, small breads, black cherry Swiss canned cheese fondue in Finnish, waffles with cream and coffee or tea.

Banking on a position southeast with the aid of fins Within the MD-11 had, after virtually the length of your cruise, left Soviet air space, first snow-dust, chocolate-colored peaks whose summit had taken care to pasture misty fog funnels, along the coast and the morning sun reflected from the surface of copper Wed Japan. An hour, 23 minutes had been to Tokyo.

Hanging motionless on the water surface like glass, which has sailed beyond peak Silver Mount Fuji today, keeping the south near course due course of 180 degrees. banking groups left on the patches, which built its last Japan connection with his time of arrival simply relax at the 40 minute mark.

Peaks of the definition of the island Honshu appeared before.

Tokyo had reported clear skies and temperatures of 20 degrees Celsius.

Along the coast of Niigata, the MD-11 had come to a position northeast of its destination, with 25 minutes remaining of its flight plan, clearing the air on the shelf first time in nearly nine hours half of the cabin chosen "NAV" and "teacher" mode.

Induced in the nose of the profile down to the bottom for more trail The flight path 914 Coast briefly before moving along the Pacific whitecapped ATC vector now a series of three banks right. Automatically guided The aircraft speed reduced to 250 knots and drove the speed limit of 10,000 feet, by acceding to the road standard terminal arrival (STAR), led by its three turbochargers N1 tachometers mass were recorded quasi-steady, readings of 34 percent.

An air traffic control, applied to reduce speed, 200 knots, had, according to the scrolling speed, requires a step ahead final extent of the flap, 15 degrees.

As the plane had dropped more than brown, beige, green farmland with geometric designs on its final approach heading of 340 degrees, the captain had chosen the approach or tile earth, the automatic landing system armed by an instrument landing system (ILS) and ready to capture the glideslope and Localizer. Focus MCDU page, giving the landing the track of barometric pressure readings and the final velocity component configuration found RJAA, ICAO code of four letters of Tokyo-Narita: a 208-node "clean" speed, a 158-fold knot speed at 28 degrees of extension positions, an approach speed of 161 knots at flaps 35, a reference speed 158-V-junction and hit the speed of 150 knots.

Sporting much larger area with wing leading edge slat and the end extensions at 35 degrees flap edge, blue trimmed Finnair MD-11, throwing their train tricycle landing gear with four claws extended, made its final approach on the outskirts of Narita Blue in the morning without problems, passing the threshold. Sinking into the concrete at the time it is requested altitude has been generated computer, the three-engine widebody was launched by seven degrees, the nose rounded up, slowing idling authothrottle 50 feet and allowing the ground to cushion the effect of contact with the main gear. manually strangled in reverse thrust mode, which triggered its surface upper wing spoilers, the handle being moved from the retraction (RET) the establishment by the "1 /" 3 "2 / 3" and " Full marks "that the aircraft has slowed. The nose wheel sank on the ground.

Rolling Four of the satellite's Narita International Airport wing south, the aircraft was moved to its parking place at the door 44 time zone 0855, ending its intercontinental flight sector completing the circular pattern of wide-body aircraft, consisting of the Austrian Airlines A-310-300, a Japan Air Lines 747-200B, a British 747-400 Airways ANA 747-200B, a North-West 747-200B, and Swissair MD-11.

III

MD-11 initial service was not always systematic. In fact, the aircraft had shown gross weight and the resistance rises well above the projected results, leading to the payload and range of disabilities, and Robert Crandall and CEO of American Airlines, had refused to accept delivery of the type, the replacement of a DC-10-30 on the road to San Jose-Tokyo which had been expected. A series of packages to improve performance (PIP), focusing on gaps, ultimately, the situation had been corrected.

On January 1, 1996, 147 MD-11 had been delivered to 24 customers and home workers who had participated collectively aircraft daily utilization of 11.6 hours, 98.3 per cent experienced a dispatch reliability.

In addition to the first passengers MD-11, several other versions, but in very limited quantities were produced.

The MD-11 Combi, for example, had offered a back door left open the cargo, allowing passengers more percentages, 168-240, and goods, ranging from four to ten pallets, which must appear on the main deck, as the space under the bridge had not changed. With a payload of 144,900 pounds weight limit, the aircraft a maximum span between 5180 and 6860 nautical miles.

Cargo MD-11CF convertible was offered the main deck door has been moved the port side forward. Martinair Holland, launch customer for the variant in August 1991, had placed four firm orders and an option for the type.

The MD-11F, with a payload of 202.100 pounds, was a pure cargo, passengers without windows or facilities FedEx ordered by house, while the MD-11er Extended Range, released in February 1994, had offered an increase of 3,000 gallon capacity fuel tanks carried in aid penthouse, a payload £ 6,000 higher, a range of 480 miles, and have a fresh weight of 630.500 pounds. World Airways, the selection of Pratt and Whitney PW4462 engine, and Garuda Indonesia, specifying orders counterpart General Electric CF6-80C2, was set to launch.

The decline in sales, the result of design flaws early results, criticism of American Airlines, the reputation of public order cancellations and competition for the Airbus A-340 and Boeing 777, had forced the McDonnell-Douglas to record $ 1,800,000 for the program in 1996 and the following year, after the merger of McDonnell-Douglas with Boeing Commercial Airplane Company was no longer viable to continue production. The original Douglas Aircraft Company Building 84, located at the Long Beach Airport and the point of incubation for all McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and MD-11 widebody, three, was born last 200 MD-11 freighters for Lufthansa Cargo in June 2000 and the aircraft towed through the road to the track, entitled "The perfect ending was a perfect. "

The entire production cycle has had 131 passenger versions of MD-11P, Combi five MD-11C, six cargo MD-11CF convertible, 53 Pure cargo MD-11F, MD-11 five variants range.

The figures, combined with the 446 DC-10 built between 1971 and 1988 had resulted in a total of 646 tri-jets which have been produced.

Although McDonnell Douglas has studied various stretched, with rewinged new engines and successors appointed MD-11 "MD-12", including a double-decker four-engined configuration A-380-like, these ambitious proposals have exceeded the eigenvalue of the manufacturer and, when Taiwan was aerospace withdrew financial support for the final version, which became a model tri-jet with an advanced wing, the jumbo jet of three engines, the situation has its origin on the original DC-10 had finished last, leaving a growing number of converted cells by cargo aircraft passenger aircraft to carry his line in the early 21st century.

About the Author

A graduate of Long Island University-C.W. Post Campus with a summa-cum-laude BA Degree in Comparative Languages and Journalism, I have subsequently earned the Continuing Community Education Teaching Certificate from the Nassau Association for Continuing Community Education (NACCE) at Molloy College, the Travel Career Development Certificate from the Institute of Certified Travel Agents (ICTA) at LIU, and the AAS Degree in Aerospace Technology at the State University of New York – College of Technology at Farmingdale. Having amassed almost three decades in the airline industry, I managed the New York-JFK and Washington-Dulles stations at Austrian Airlines, created the North American Station Training Program, served as an Aviation Advisor to Farmingdale State University of New York, and created and taught the Airline Management Certificate Program at the Long Island Educational Opportunity Center. A freelance author, I have written some 70 books of the short story, novel, nonfiction, essay, poetry, article, log, curriculum, training manual, and textbook genre in English, German, and Spanish, having principally focused on aviation and travel, and I have been published in book, magazine, newsletter, and electronic Web site form. I am a writer for Cole Palen’s Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome in New York.